the origin of the Malay language
Malay language is one of the local languages used Indonesian society since ancient times to modern times today ..To know the origin of the Malay we need to know the origin of native speakers in advance, namely the Malays. The origin of the Malay people that are still vague but some European scholars such as Hendrik Kern (Netherlands) and Robert von Heine Geldern (Austria) has investigated roughly about the background and the movement of ancient Malay community.
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Their theory states THAT Malay people coming than Austronesian groups, ie groups of people who came from the area of Yunnan in China who later emigrated in the form of several waves of human movement and eventually occupied the region of Southeast Asia.
The first wave known as Proto-Malay and apply approximately 2500 years BC
Approximately 1500 years BC, came the second wave known as the Malay-Deutro. They inhabit the fertile areas near the coast and valley lands of Southeast Asia. Their presence is causing the Proto-Malays as the Adam's apple, Mah Meri people, Jahut, findings, Biduanda and some other small groups move into forest areas and inland. Malay-Deutro group is said to be the ancestors of the Malay community that exist at present.
Malay derived than Austronesian, Austronesian languages when it comes than Austris language family. In addition to the Austronesian language family, are the Austro-Asiatic language family and the Chinese-Tibetan language family.
Linguists have membahagikan Malay language development to the three main phases namely:
a. Old Malay language,
b. Malay Classical and
c. Modern Malay language.
Ancient Malay Language
Malay archipelago belonging to the family of languages under Sumatra language classes. Ancient Malay language is used in the 7th century to the 13th century at the time of the kingdom of Srivijaya. at that time, BM has become the lingua franca of the ancient and Pentadbiran language Malay kerana properties that are simple and easy to accept outside influences. Malay is also not bound to the distinction of stacking layers of society and have a system that is more easily compared with the Java language.
Therefore Hindu religion into the handle when the Malays, Malay heavily influenced by Sanskrit language systems that contribute to the enrichment of vocabulary and characteristics keilmuaan (scholarship) Malay. Sanskrit is considered the language used by scholars and the nobility. Malay is also easy dilentur by circumstances and needs.
Evidence of ancient Malay language usage may be seen on the rocks compose the 7th century Pallava written with letters namely:
a. Stone inscribed in Kedukan Hill, Palembang (683 M)
b. Stone inscribed in Talang Ruwo, near Palembang (684 M)
c. Inscribed stone in the City Kampur, Bangka Island (686 M)
d. Stone inscribed in Coral Brahi, Meringin, Hulu area Jambi (686 M)
Berpandukan contents, writing inscribed in stone were made under the direction of Srivijaya king, a kingdom which has the empire, including Sumatra, Java, Malay Peninsula Land, urgent Kra and Sri Lanka. Thus, these indicate where Malay was used as the official language and the language of the kingdom of Srivijaya Pentadbiran, while expanding the spread Malay to colonial conquest. Although the language of the inscribed stone was still speaking Sanskrit, but there are still Old Malay influence in it.
The term "Malay" raised for the first time in the writings of the Chinese in the year 644 and 645 AD. This paper calls on the "Mo-Lo-Yue" which sends envoy to China to present the results of earth held by each of the King of China. Located kingdom "Mo-Lo-Yue" can not be ascertained, but there are recorded in the Land of the Malay Peninsula and in Jambi, Sumatra.
In addition to evidence of the use of the ancient Malay language at the top, a stone inscribed in Gandasuli, Central Java (832 M) is written in letters Nagiri.
Ancient Malay language has several characteristics, namely;
a. There are elements of a loan rather than Sanskrit.
b. Sound b is w in ancient Malay (Example: month - quarterly)
c. No form of sound e pepet (Example with - * with or invitation)
d. Ber- prefix is marble in ancient Malay (example: leaving-marlapas)
e. In- prefix is ni- in ancient Malay language (Example: done - niparwuat)
f. There aspirated consonant sounds like bh, th, ph, dh, kh, h (Example: sukhatshitta)
g. The letter h is lost in modern languages (Example: all-Samuha, I: slave)
Transition Into Old Malay Malay Classical
1. The influence of the Islamic religion more stable in Southeast Asia in the 13th century helped to give the impression to the development of the Malay language. The arrival of Islam to Tanah Melayu has a lot to change the Malay language system, especially from the aspect of vocabulary, paragraph structure and writing system.
2. There are three important inscribed stone:
a. The inscribed stone fence Ruyung, Minangkabau (1356) - written in letters of India and
contains ancient Malay prose and some Sanskrit verse. His language differed slightly than the language of stone inscribed 7th century.
b. Stone inscribed in Minye Seven, Acheh (1380) - still wearing Indian alphabet and for the first time there is the use of Arabic words like sentence prophet, God and grace
c. stone inscribed in Kuala Berang, Terengganu (1303-1387) - written in Jawi and Arabic writings have proved been used in the Malay language in the century.
3. Third-three inscribed stone is the last record evidence of ancient Malay language development kerana after the 14th century, appears Malay literature in written form.
Malay Classical
1. Ages to -13 is the beginning of a transitional era in the Malay Archipelago after the rise of Islam to this seacoast. It has affected the nation and the language here, especially the nation and Malay. Indian influence gradually replaced first by the influence of Islam and Arabic. Kegemilangannya classical Malay be divided into three important days of age ie Melaka empire, kingdom era royal era Acheh and Johor-Riau
2. Age is important for Malay is the Melaka Malay Kingdom era. Melaka Malay kingdom who had accepted Islam and succeeding vast empire builder has been able to increase the progress and development of Malay in this shoreline. Malay language has been used in Pentadbiran and trading activity as well as a "lingua franca" traders. Malay language has also become a tool of the spread of Islam to the whole Malay Archipelago. Malay has got a new form of writing that is, Jawi. Vocabulary has also grown with his form for the purpose of expressing ideas brought by the Islamic civilization. Melaka Sultanate majesty clearly illustrated in the "Malay Annals" by Tun Seri Lanang, a work in Bahasa Melayu very high value.
3. The arrival of the Europeans and the fall of the Sultanate of Melaka to the Portuguese in AD tahun1511 not finish Malay influence. Crowded in among those who run the investigation and keep a record of the Malay language and literature. Some examples of their efforts are:
a. Pigafetta, a sailor head of the Italian national collective voyage of Magellan, has compiled a Malay-Italian dictionary during a stop on the island of Tidore in 1521. This dictionary is a list of words than languages spoken by people in over 400 ports with broken words and is Malay word list-oldest European. Position Tidore Island which is located farther than the place of origin Malay Malay illustrates how wide spread.
b. January Hugen Van Linschotten, a Dutch nation ever lived in Indonesia between 1586 to 1592 and as a humble servant to the Portuguese government. There he recorded in his Malay THAT regarded as the most respected language between languages eastern country.
c. At the beginning of the 18th century, Francios Valentijn, a clergyman and historian who has written Dutch menganai region of the Malay Archipelago, has described Malay interests as follows:
"Their language, Malay, not sake only spoken on the seafront area, but also used throughout the Malay Archipelago and in all the countries of the East, as a language that is understood in anywhere else by everyone."
4. The proof of the high dignity of Malay and widespread use in this area is the correspondence between pentadbir and king-fw in the Malay Archipelago. Among them are:
a. Letter to the Sultan of Aceh Kapitan Britain, James Lancester (1601)
b. Sultan Alauddin Shah Letters from Aceh to Harry Middleton (1602)
c. Letter to the king of England Acheh Sultan, King James (1612)
(All of the three letters are preserved in the library Bodelein, London)
5. In the 17th century, there were many attempts by European scholars to compile a dictionary and a list of words, which later passed on to the field of morphology, syntax and phonology.
6. The local figures also do not miss to give a donation. Most of their business revolves around religion and literature. Palembang and Acheh has replaced Melayu Melaka as pust intellectuality. Figures in Acheh of which is:
a. Sheikh Nuruddin al-Raniri ("Bustanul Salatin")
b. Shamsuddin Al-Sumaterani ("Mirat al-believer")
c. Abdul Rauf Singkel ("Mirat al-Tullab")
d. Hamzah Fansuri ("Poem Boat")
7. In Palembang also contained Abdul Samad Al-Falambani with the book "Al-Salakin Tale".
8. In addition to Acheh and Palembang, some figures also arise in other places. In Brunei, Pengiran Syahbandar Muhammad Salleh (Pengiran Indera Young) has resulted in "Poem rakis", when in Banjarmasin also famous for Arshad Al-Banjari with the book "Al-Sabil Muhtadin". Sheikh Mohd Ismail Daud Al-Fatani in Pattani also produce "Matla'al Badrain" and "Furu 'al-Masail".
The characteristics of classical Malay:
1. Verses long, repetitive, convoluted, and many use passive paragraph structure.
2. Using the language of the palace: the example of my master, the king, showering, etc. died.
3. Vocabulary archaic and rarely used; Charles verb, wacky kesmaran (drunk romance), slave, masyghul (sad)
4. Many use shrubs words (word base of the verse): sebermula, Once, Hatta, while.
5. Widely used songsang verse: pendepanan predicate
6. Many use the particle "no 'and` lah'
Modern Malay Language Development
1. Malay moden said began in the 19th century. Results bouquet Munsyi Abdullah regarded as the beginning of modern times kerana its Malay language is said somewhat distorted by the classical form of the Malay language. Prior to British colonization, Malay achieve high position, serves as the mediation of language, Pentadbiran, literature, and language of instruction in the center of Islamic education.
2. After the Second World War, the British changed the base to make English as the language of instruction in the education system.
3. During Malaysia achieved independence, Case 152 institutionalization Guild set of Malay as the national language of the call THAT, "National language of this country is Malay, and be written in any writings as intended by the legislation of Parliament".
4. National Language Act 1963/1967 establishes THAT Malay is the official language of the country (the language used in all the official affairs of the kingdom of fellowship, country, local and berkanun body).
5. Razak Report 1956 backs up so that the Malay language used as the language of instruction in the educational system of the country and become the main tool of the fusion between.
The specialty and uniqueness Malay
1. Malay is the easiest language once even easier than Arabic. It has been endorsed by foreigners who learn this language.
2. Malay is the second language after the most beautiful Arabic Koran. This is because our language is poetic language especially when praise. terserlah beauty of our language.
3. Malay is the language tersopan once. language we have nurtured for so long for this purpose. a language expert states that our language has undergone a long evolution, forming a beautiful language and polite.
4. Malay fostered by the two types of writing that helps the development of Islam in the time of Hazrat Mahdi ox that is, writing for the purposes of Islamic and non-Islamic writings for rumi.
5. Malay community has become Lingua franca of the archipelago archipelago despite many languages spoken yet Malay chosen as a unifying this archipelago nation.
6. Malay has a vocabulary that many hinggakan speakers themselves do not know all of their vocabulary.
7. Malay is the language a lot of sense. something paragraph should have a mean follow various circumstances. by the way Malay chosen to reveal the contents of the Quran which has various layers of meaning it.
8. Malay is the language of the nation is not the invaders who have crowded the number of speakers. when viewed Mandarin and Hindi crowded that menuturkannya kerana people crowded china and india. French, German ,, Russian, Spanish, English, and Portuguese is the language of the colonizers. Arabic language is also widely spoken kerana development of Islam. Only the Malay language spoken by the people crowded without specific causes
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